abstract：:Homologous recombination (HR) serves to eliminate deleterious lesions, such as double-stranded breaks and interstrand crosslinks, from chromosomes. HR is also critical for the preservation of replication forks, for telomere maintenance, and chromosome segregation in meiosis I. As such, HR is indispensable for the main...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： San Filippo J,Sung P,Klein H

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ryanodine receptors (RyRs)/Ca2+ release channels, on the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum of most cell types, are required for intracellular Ca2+ release involved in diverse cellular functions, including muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. The large cytoplasmic domain of the RyR serves as a scaffold...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Zalk R,Lehnart SE,Marks AR

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide forms the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of most gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli lipid A is synthesized on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner membrane by a conserved pathway of nine constitutive enzymes. Following attachment of the core oligosaccharide, nascen...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Raetz CR,Reynolds CM,Trent MS,Bishop RE

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The rhodopsin crystal structure provides a structural basis for understanding the function of this and other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The major structural motifs observed for rhodopsin are expected to carry over to other GPCRs, and the mechanism of transformation of the receptor from inactive to active for...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Palczewski K

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The structure and integrity of telomeres are essential for genome stability. Telomere dysregulation can lead to cell death, cell senescence, or abnormal cell proliferation. The maintenance of telomere repeats in most eukaryotic organisms requires telomerase, which consists of a reverse transcriptase (RT) and an RNA te...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Autexier C,Lue NF

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Death-associated protein kinase (DAPk) is the founding member of a newly classified family of Ser/Thr kinases, whose members not only possess significant homology in their catalytic domains, but also share cell death-associated functions. The realization that DAPk is a tumor suppressor gene, whose expression is lost i...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bialik S,Kimchi A

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is an evolutionarily conserved process that corrects mismatches generated during DNA replication and escape proofreading. MMR proteins also participate in many other DNA transactions, such that inactivation of MMR can have wide-ranging biological consequences, which can be either beneficial o...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Kunkel TA,Erie DA

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on eukaryotic translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases, and the emphasis is on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human Y-family polymerases (Pols) eta, iota, kappa, and Rev1, as well as on Polzeta, which is a member of the B-family polymerases. The fidelity, mismatch extension ability, and lesion byp...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Prakash S,Johnson RE,Prakash L

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several genes have been identified for monogenic disorders that variably resemble Parkinson's disease. Dominant mutations in the gene encoding alpha-synuclein enhance the propensity of this protein to aggregate. As a consequence, these patients have a widespread disease with protein inclusion bodies in several brain a...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Cookson MR

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The fastest simple, kinetically two-state protein folds a million times more rapidly than the slowest. Here we review many recent theories of protein folding kinetics in terms of their ability to qualitatively rationalize, if not quantitatively predict, this fundamental experimental observation. ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Gillespie B,Plaxco KW

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The bacterial TolC protein plays a common role in the expulsion of diverse molecules, which include protein toxins and antibacterial drugs, from the cell. TolC is a trimeric 12-stranded alpha/beta barrel, comprising an alpha-helical trans-periplasmic tunnel embedded in the outer membrane by a contiguous beta-barrel ch...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Koronakis V,Eswaran J,Hughes C

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Telomeres are essential for genome stability in all eukaryotes. Changes in telomere functions and the associated chromosomal abnormalities have been implicated in human aging and cancer. Telomeres are composed of repetitive sequences that can be maintained by telomerase, a complex containing a reverse transcriptase (h...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Smogorzewska A,de Lange T

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A childhood fascination with animals, plants, and insects was aided and abetted by many giants, beginning with my parents. The Bronx High School of Science and the City College of New York (CCNY) made a solid and priceless grounding in chemistry and biology available free of charge. Abe Mazur at CCNY revealed the wond...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Fridovich I

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sorting of transmembrane proteins to endosomes and lysosomes is mediated by signals present within the cytosolic domains of the proteins. Most signals consist of short, linear sequences of amino acid residues. Some signals are referred to as tyrosine-based sorting signals and conform to the NPXY or YXXO consensus moti...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bonifacino JS,Traub LM

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The existence and function of actin in the nucleus has been hotly debated for forty years. Recently, beta-actin was found to be a component of mammalian SWI/SNF-like BAF chromatin remodeling complexes and still more recently other SWI/SNF-related chromatin remodeling complexes in yeast, flies, and man. Although the fu...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Olave IA,Reck-Peterson SL,Crabtree GR

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The maintenance of the eukaryotic genome requires precisely coordinated replication of the entire genome each time a cell divides. To achieve this coordination, eukaryotic cells use an ordered series of steps to form several key protein assemblies at origins of replication. Recent studies have identified many of the p...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Bell SP,Dutta A

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA molecules are able to transport electrons over long distances. In most experiments the process is stimulated by the oxidation of guanines (G), which generates guanine radical cations. The electron transport through DNA occurs in a multistep hopping mechanism with all Gs as carriers of the positive charge. The rate...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Giese B

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetic, biochemical, and spectroscopic studies have established a new function for an intracellular protein, i.e., guiding and inserting a copper cofactor into the active site of a target enzyme. Studies of these new proteins have revealed a fundamental aspect of copper physiology, namely the vast overcapacity of the...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Huffman DL,O'Halloran TV

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cys2His2 zinc finger proteins offer a stable and versatile framework for the design of proteins that recognize desired target sites on double-stranded DNA. Individual fingers from these proteins have a simple beta beta alpha structure that folds around a central zinc ion, and tandem sets of fingers can contact neighbo...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Pabo CO,Peisach E,Grant RA

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Multistep chemical reactions are increasingly seen as important in a growing number of complex biotransformations. Covalently attached prosthetic groups or swinging arms, and their associated protein domains, are essential to the mechanisms of active-site coupling and substrate channeling in a number of the multifunct...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Perham RN

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The past few years have seen exciting advances in understanding the structure and function of catalytic RNA. Crystal structures of several ribozymes have provided detailed insight into the folds of RNA molecules. Models of other biologically important RNAs have been constructed based on structural, phylogenetic, and b...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Doherty EA,Doudna JA

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Microtubules are polymers that are essential for, among other functions, cell transport and cell division in all eukaryotes. The regulation of the microtubule system includes transcription of different tubulin isotypes, folding of /¿-tubulin heterodimers, post-translation modification of tubulin, and nucleotide-based ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Nogales E

更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The protein kinase Akt/PKB is activated via a multistep process by a variety of signals. In the early steps of this process, PI-3 kinase-generated D3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides bind the Akt PH domain and induce the translocation of the kinase to the plasma membrane where it co-localizes with phosphoinositide-dep...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Chan TO,Rittenhouse SE,Tsichlis PN

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The determination of several structures of nuclear receptor ligand binding domains (LBD) has led to new insights into the mechanism of action of this very important class of receptors. This review describes and compares the different LBD structures and their relationship to the function of the nuclear receptors. The r...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Weatherman RV,Fletterick RJ,Scanlan TS

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The base excision repair pathway is an organism's primary defense against mutations induced by oxidative, alkylating, and other DNA-damaging agents. This pathway is initiated by DNA glycosylases that excise the damaged base by cleavage of the glycosidic bond between the base and the DNA sugar-phosphate backbone. A sub...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： McCullough AK,Dodson ML,Lloyd RS

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) constitute a family of six mammalian serine/threonine protein kinases that phosphorylate agonist-bound, or activated, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as their primary substrates. GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation rapidly initiates profound impairment of receptor signal...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Pitcher JA,Freedman NJ,Lefkowitz RJ

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Active transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm involves primarily three classes of macromolecules: substrates, adaptors, and receptors. Some transport substrates bind directly to an import or an export receptor while others require one or more adaptors to mediate formation of a receptor-substrate complex. Once ass...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Mattaj IW,Englmeier L

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a complex retrovirus encoding 15 distinct proteins. Substantial progress has been made toward understanding the function of each protein, and three-dimensional structures of many components, including portions of the RNA genome, have been determined. This review describes the fun...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Frankel AD,Young JA

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review is concerned with the structures and mechanisms of a superfamily of regulatory GTP hydrolases (G proteins). G proteins include Ras and its close homologs, translation elongation factors, and heterotrimeric G proteins. These proteins share a common structural core, exemplified by that of p21ras (Ras), and s...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Sprang SR

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:D-amino acids have been detected in a variety of peptides synthesized by animal cells. These include opiate and antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin, neuropeptides from snail ganglia, a hormone from crustaceans, and a constituent of a spider venom. cDNA cloning has shown that at those positions where a D-amino a...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Kreil G

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mechanisms of chemical reaction can often be predicted by determining the dependence of the lifetime of reaction intermediates on the structure of the reactants. When there is no lifetime in the presence of another reactant or catalyst the reaction proceeds through an enforced concerted mechanism. Noncovalent binding ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Jencks WP

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on molecular mechanisms that underlie the communication between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in eukaryotic cells. These genomes interact in at least two ways. First, they contribute essential subunit polypeptides to important mitochondrial proteins; second, they collaborate in the synthesi...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Poyton RO,McEwen JE

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Prenylation is a class of lipid modification involving covalent addition of either farnesyl (15-carbon) or geranylgeranyl (20-carbon) isoprenoids to conserved cysteine residues at or near the C-terminus of proteins. Known prenylated proteins include fungal mating factors, nuclear lamins, Ras and Ras-related GTP-bindin...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Zhang FL,Casey PJ

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:SELEX is a technology for the identification of high affinity oligonucleotide ligands. Large libraries of random sequence single-stranded oligonucleotides, whether RNA or DNA, can be thought of conformationally not as short strings but rather as sequence dependent folded structures with high degrees of molecular rigid...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Gold L,Polisky B,Uhlenbeck O,Yarus M

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The T lymphocytes of the vertebrate immune system look for changes that take place within the organism by examining a display of peptides at the cell surface. These peptides are presented by the products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I products present peptides derived by proteolysis of cyto...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Heemels MT,Ploegh H

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several lines of experimentation suggest that endogenous retinoids, metabolites of vitamin A, play a role in the anterior/posterior development of the central body axis and the limbs of vertebrates. High levels of endogenous retinoids have been detected in proximity to these developing axes in a variety of vertebrate ...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Means AL,Gudas LJ

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA looping is widely used in nature. It is well documented in the regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, DNA replication, and site-specific DNA recombination. Undoubtedly looping also functions in other protein-DNA transactions such as repair and chromosome segregation. While the underlying physica...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Schleif R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Proton transfer in the bacterial RC associated with the reduction of the bound QB to the dihydroquinone is an important step in the energetics of photosynthetic bacteria. The binding of two protons by the quinone is associated with the transfer of the second electron to QB at a rate of ca. 10(3) s-1 (pH 7). Mutation o...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Okamura MY,Feher G

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The field of vitamin D metabolism and mechanism of action has continued to be very active. Autoradiography has shown specific nuclear localization of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in target organs prior to initiation of mechanism of action. Specific nuclear localization has also been demonstrated in a variety of other tissues not prev...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： DeLuca HF,Schnoes HK

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glycoproteins have a wide distribution in nature and serve a vast number of functions. There are glycoprotein enzymes and hormones; glycoproteins are found in blood and secretions, in cell membranes, and in connective tissue. Of all the biologically occurring macromolecules the glycoproteins, which consist of carbohyd...

journal_title：Annual review of biochemistry

authors： Kornfeld R,Kornfeld S

更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00